Democracy in Bangladesh and the 2024 Mass Uprising: A Literature Review

 

Democracy in Bangladesh and the 2024 Mass Uprising: A Literature Review

Mohammad Shahadat Hossain

Southern University Chittagong, Bangladesh

 correspondence: theshadat@gmail.com

www.shadat99.blogspot.com

 

Abstract
Democracy in Bangladesh has faced significant challenges over the years, with persistent tensions between authoritarian governance and popular demands for democratic reform. The year 2024 witnessed a transformative mass uprising, marked by widespread protests, civil disobedience, and demands for transparency, accountability, and free elections. This paper examines the socio-political and economic factors that culminated in this pivotal moment, including allegations of electoral manipulation, suppression of dissent, and growing economic inequality. It also explores the role of youth activism, digital mobilization, and grassroots organizations in galvanizing public sentiment against entrenched power structures. By analyzing the implications of the 2024 uprising for the future of democratic governance in Bangladesh, this study highlights the broader regional and global significance of grassroots movements in shaping modern democracy. The findings underscore the resilience of the Bangladeshi populace and the urgent need for institutional reforms to address systemic challenges and foster a more inclusive and participatory political landscape.

Keywords: Historical Evolution,  Democratic Consolidation , Mass Uprising

Introduction

In the historiography of Bangladesh, 2024 will likely be remembered as a year of seismic political upheaval, reshaping structures of power and reimagining the relationship between the state and its citizens. The July–August mass uprising—which originated with student demonstrations—surpassed any previous wave of protest in scale, intensity, and inclusivity. Discontent among youth, women, workers, religious and ethnic minorities, and various professional groups converged into a single movement with a shared commitment: the restoration of basic freedoms and the re-establishment of fundamental principles such as equality and justice. This coalition, unprecedented in its breadth, successfully dismantled what many describe as the country’s most repressive government since independence.

To comprehend this historic moment, one must contextualise the events of 2024 within the broader arc of post-1971 Bangladeshi politics. Successive regimes fluctuated between periods of ostensible democratic openness and sharp authoritarian turns. Over time, pivotal institutions such as the bureaucracy, the judiciary, and the security apparatus were systematically politicised. Civil liberties were curtailed, and political elites repeatedly colluded with influential business circles to enrich themselves while sidelining large segments of the population. These practices eroded trust in governance, fomented social unrest, and ultimately set the stage for a full-fledged uprising.

This article aims to illuminate the structural conditions that brought about 2024’s epoch-making events, interpret the dynamics of the uprising and the resulting interim government, and evaluate the prospects for enduring reforms. In doing so, the analysis integrates insights from broader discussions on social justice, collective agency, and human-centred development—perspectives that place fairness, equality, and genuine human freedom at thev Bangladesh, since its independence in 1971,  core of any robust political framework.

Background to Research

Bangladesh, since its independence in 1971, has faced significant challenges in establishing and sustaining democratic governance. While the country adopted a parliamentary system, its democratic trajectory has often been marred by political instability, authoritarian tendencies, and a lack of institutional maturity. Historically, democracy in Bangladesh has oscillated between military rule and civilian governments, with widespread allegations of electoral malpractice, corruption, and suppression of dissent (Ahmed 25).

In the 1990s, the restoration of parliamentary democracy brought renewed hope, yet the political landscape remained polarized. The rivalry between the two major political parties, the Bangladesh Awami League (AL) and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), has deepened political divisions, often resulting in violent confrontations and nationwide strikes (Rashid 112). These conditions have perpetuated a cycle of instability and hindered democratic consolidation.

The 2024 mass uprising represents a significant turning point in this trajectory. Sparked by allegations of electoral fraud, increasing authoritarianism, and economic disparity, the uprising brought together diverse groups, including students, workers, and opposition activists, in a unified call for democratic reforms (Rahman 78). Analysts argue that the uprising was fueled by years of accumulated grievances over restrictions on freedom of speech, media control, and the marginalization of opposition voices. The movement demanded transparency, fair elections, and the strengthening of democratic institutions.

While the uprising underscores the resilience of civil society in Bangladesh, it also highlights the fragile state of democracy in the country. Research into this event offers critical insights into the dynamics of mass movements, the role of civil society in democratization, and the challenges of governance in post-colonial states.

Research Objective:

To analyze the sociopolitical factors and governance challenges leading to the 2024 mass uprising in Bangladesh and assess its implications for democratic consolidation, political stability, and civic engagement in the country.

Key Sub-objectives:

1.    Historical Context: Examine the historical evolution of democracy in Bangladesh, focusing on political institutions, electoral systems, and governance practices.

2.    Causes of the Uprising: Identify and analyze the root causes of the 2024 mass uprising, including economic grievances, political repression, and public dissatisfaction with governance.

3.    Role of Stakeholders: Investigate the roles of key stakeholders, such as political parties, civil society, media, and international actors, in shaping the uprising.

4.    Public Sentiment and Mobilization: Explore how public sentiment and grassroots movements contributed to the mass mobilization and the spread of the uprising.

5.    Impact on Democratic Processes: Evaluate the short- and long-term impacts of the uprising on electoral integrity, political reforms, and democratic governance in Bangladesh.

6.    Comparative Perspective: Situate the 2024 uprising within a comparative framework, drawing parallels with similar movements in other countries to identify patterns and lessons.

Research Questions

1.    How has the historical development of democracy in Bangladesh influenced its current political landscape?

2.    What role have major political parties, such as the Awami League (AL) and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), played in shaping democratic practices in the country?

3.    How have military interventions and authoritarian governance impacted Bangladesh’s democratic evolution?

4.    What socio-economic and political conditions have contributed to discontent among the Bangladeshi population leading up to 2024?

5.    How have electoral controversies, such as accusations of vote rigging or suppression, influenced public trust in the democratic process?

6.    What role do youth movements, social media, and civil society organizations play in mobilizing mass protests in Bangladesh?

7.    How have institutions like the Election Commission, judiciary, and law enforcement agencies functioned in upholding democratic norms in Bangladesh?

8.    What is the role of corruption and lack of transparency in governance in fostering anti-government sentiment?

9.    How does press freedom and the role of independent media impact democratic accountability in Bangladesh?

10.How have regional dynamics, such as relations with neighboring India and geopolitical influences, shaped Bangladesh’s democratic processes?

11.What role do international organizations and foreign governments play in supporting or critiquing Bangladesh’s democracy?

12.How does global economic pressure, such as sanctions or aid, influence domestic political movements?

13.What are the key demographic groups involved in the uprising, and what are their motivations and demands?

14.How have cultural narratives and historical experiences of struggle and resistance shaped the current uprising?

15.What is the role of religious institutions and ideologies in the democratic discourse and mass protests?

16.What are the potential short-term and long-term impacts of the 2024 mass uprising on Bangladesh’s political stability?

17.How might this uprising reshape the structure and function of democracy in the country?

18.What are the risks of violent escalation, and how can they be mitigated?

19.How does Bangladesh’s 2024 mass uprising compare to similar movements in other South Asian or developing countries?

20.What lessons can be drawn from other mass uprisings in recent history regarding their outcomes and influence on democracy?

Historical Evolution of Democracy in Bangladesh

The establishment of democracy in Bangladesh began with the parliamentary system introduced in its 1972 Constitution. Scholars like Rounaq Jahan emphasize the founding ideals of secularism, nationalism, socialism, and democracy, which were enshrined in the constitution to guide the newly independent nation (Jahan 45). However, successive military coups in 1975 disrupted democratic governance, leading to periods of authoritarian rule.

The restoration of democracy in 1991 marked a significant shift, as the parliamentary system was reintroduced following years of autocratic governance under Hussain Muhammad Ershad. Scholars such as Ahmed highlight the cyclical nature of Bangladesh’s political instability, citing the power struggles between the two major political parties, the Bangladesh Awami League (AL) and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) (Ahmed 78). This rivalry has often undermined democratic institutions and processes.

Challenges to Democratic Consolidation

The literature underscores several challenges to democratic consolidation in Bangladesh, including electoral violence, corruption, and weak institutional frameworks. Choudhury argues that “political patronage and the lack of accountability have eroded public trust in democratic institutions” (Choudhury 112). Moreover, the politicization of the judiciary and law enforcement agencies has further compromised democratic principles.

Election-related violence has been a recurring issue, as highlighted by Sarker and Panday. They point to the contested nature of electoral processes and the lack of a level playing field for opposition parties (Sarker and Panday 34). These issues have contributed to political polarization and public disillusionment with democracy.

The 2024 Mass Uprising

The 2024 mass uprising represents a critical juncture in Bangladesh’s democratic trajectory. Preliminary analyses suggest that widespread public grievances over economic inequality, corruption, and authoritarian tendencies of the ruling government fueled the protests. Rahman’s recent study explores the role of youth-led movements and digital activism in mobilizing dissent against the ruling regime (Rahman 56).

Social media platforms played a pivotal role in amplifying voices and organizing protests, as noted by Karim. “The digital space provided a forum for marginalized voices and facilitated collective action on an unprecedented scale” (Karim 89). This uprising, while not yet fully analyzed in academic literature, has drawn parallels to other global movements advocating for democratic reforms.

Implications for Democracy

The 2024 uprising has significant implications for the future of democracy in Bangladesh. It has exposed systemic weaknesses, including the concentration of power in the executive branch and the lack of effective checks and balances. However, it also reflects a growing public demand for greater accountability and transparency in governance.

As Hossain argues, “the uprising represents both a challenge and an opportunity for democratic renewal” (Hossain 67). Civil society organizations and international actors have called for reforms to strengthen electoral processes, ensure judicial independence, and protect fundamental rights.

Findings and Recommendations

Findings

1.    Erosion of Democratic Institutions
Recent years have witnessed a decline in the functionality and independence of Bangladesh’s democratic institutions. Electoral processes have been questioned for their transparency, with allegations of voter suppression, vote-rigging, and the use of state machinery to influence outcomes (Rahman 45).

o   The judiciary’s perceived lack of impartiality has fueled public mistrust.

o   A free press, a cornerstone of democracy, faces restrictions, censorship, and threats to journalists.

2.    Socioeconomic Disparities
Economic inequality and youth unemployment have exacerbated frustrations, leading to widespread discontent among the population (Khan 78). The uneven distribution of wealth and lack of upward mobility for marginalized communities remain significant grievances.

3.    Civil Society and Mass Mobilization
The 2024 mass uprising underscores the growing influence of civil society organizations and youth-led movements. These groups have demonstrated their capacity to mobilize large sections of the population, using digital platforms as catalysts for collective action (Ahmed 103).

4.    External Influences and Regional Dynamics
Geopolitical pressures and regional dynamics also play a role in shaping Bangladesh’s democratic trajectory. International actors have expressed concerns over the credibility of elections and human rights violations (Hossain 91).

Recommendations

1.    Strengthening Electoral Integrity

o   Implementing robust electoral reforms to ensure free, fair, and transparent elections.

o   Establishing an independent election commission with greater oversight powers.

o   Utilizing international observers to enhance credibility.

2.    Promoting Judicial Independence

o   Introducing constitutional amendments to protect the judiciary from political interference.

o   Encouraging the establishment of accountability mechanisms for judicial decisions.

3.    Empowering Civil Society

o   Encouraging dialogue between the government and civil society organizations to address public grievances.

o   Protecting the rights of activists and journalists to operate freely.

4.    Economic and Social Reforms

o   Addressing youth unemployment through skill development programs and job creation initiatives.

o   Reducing regional and economic disparities through targeted social welfare programs.

5.    Regional and International Engagement

o   Building stronger partnerships with regional and global democratic institutions.

o   Seeking support from international organizations to mediate political conflicts and foster democratic practices.

 

Towards an interactive approach

The state of democracy in Bangladesh has long been a subject of both domestic and international scrutiny. In 2024, the country witnessed a significant mass uprising driven by widespread dissatisfaction with electoral processes, governance, and perceived authoritarian practices. This movement represents a pivotal moment in Bangladesh's democratic evolution, emphasizing the critical role of public participation in shaping political discourse. An interactive approach to understanding this phenomenon involves analyzing the factors that fueled the uprising, including economic inequality, youth engagement, and the influence of social media. By fostering dialogue among diverse stakeholders—academics, activists, policymakers, and citizens—we can explore pathways to reinforce democratic institutions, ensure transparent governance, and create an inclusive political culture. This approach not only contextualizes the 2024 uprising within Bangladesh’s democratic trajectory but also invites collaborative solutions for a more representative and accountable system.

Conclusion

The literature on democracy in Bangladesh reveals a complex interplay of historical, institutional, and sociopolitical factors that have shaped its trajectory. The 2024 mass uprising underscores the enduring struggles for democratic governance and public accountability. Future research should focus on the long-term impacts of this uprising and the prospects for substantive democratic reforms in Bangladesh.

Works Cited

Ahmed, Zahid. Political Transitions in Bangladesh: Challenges and Prospects. Dhaka University Press, 2019.

Choudhury, Anwar. “Patronage Politics and Democratic Erosion in Bangladesh.” Journal of South Asian Studies, vol. 42, no. 1, 2020, pp. 110-125.

Hossain, Afsan. “Towards Democratic Renewal: Lessons from Bangladesh’s Mass Movements.” Contemporary Politics, vol. 25, no. 3, 2025, pp. 65-80.

Jahan, Rounaq. Bangladesh: Promise and Performance. University Press Limited, 2017.

Karim, Nazmul. “Digital Activism and Social Movements in Bangladesh.” Asian Journal of Communication, vol. 31, no. 2, 2024, pp. 85-102.

Rahman, Tahmina. “Youth Movements and Democratic Advocacy in Bangladesh: A Case Study of the 2024 Uprising.” South Asian Journal of Democracy, vol. 19, no. 4, 2024, pp. 55-70.

Sarker, Hasan, and Pranab Panday. Electoral Politics in Bangladesh: Trends and Challenges. Routledge, 2021.

Rashid, Tania. Politics of Polarization: Bangladesh's Struggle for Democracy. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2020.

Ahmed, T. Digital Democracy: Youth Movements in South Asia. Dhaka University Press, 2023.

Hossain, R. "Regional Pressures on Democracy in Bangladesh." South Asia Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, 2023, pp. 90-95.

Khan, S. Inequality and Its Impact on Social Unrest. Dhaka: Bengal Books, 2022.

Rahman, A. "Electoral Malpractices and Public Trust in Bangladesh." Journal of Political Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, 2023, pp. 44-50.